@inbook{edf6507c7fa942b6a6729a6b8b36df27,
title = "Networks and firms",
author = "Kathryn Ibata-Arens",
note = "Introduction Business networks in Japan exist as hierarchies. These have operated in place of horizontal, loosely connected, inter-firm relations and have served the usual functions of networks (Powell 1990). The machinations of bureaucrats and big business representatives have created these hierarchies over time, with the support of politicians.",
year = "2005",
month = jan,
day = "1",
doi = "10.1017/CBO9780511488702.005",
language = "American English",
booktitle = "Innovation and Entrepreneurship in Japan: Politics, Organizations, and High Technology Firms",
}